PMC

Sensitivity of existing fossil fuel power plant generation cost to different techno-economic factors
This figure demonstrates the effect of various factors, including power plant age, fuel price, carbon price, CCS cost, biomass price, H₂ cost, and capacity factor on the marginal generation cost of (a) a typical PC power plant in China and (b) a typical NGCC power plant in US. Shown in this figure is the operation cost of existing fossil fuel power plants depending on case-dependent parameters, which illustrate the complexity of existing fossil fuel decarbonization (See for details).

Timing of key changes in ancestral plant genome size. The dated phylogenetic tree, spanning major land plant clades, shows trends in genome size evolution reconstructed using information from fossil and extant stomatal guard cells. Relative C-value is indicated by the size of the dots (red, reconstructed ancestral node; black, extant, listed in the electronic supplementary material, table A2; grey, dated fossil clade, listed in the electronic supplementary material, table A3).

Flowering plants of Silene stenophylla. (A) Plant grown in vitro culture from seed of an extant plant. (B) Plant regenerated in vitro culture from tissue of fossil fruit with primary strictly female flower. (C) Plant regenerated from tissue of fossil fruit with both female (f) and bisexual (b) flowers.

Actual and forecasted global feedstock needs for the chemical industry and plant oil production required for replacement of 40% of feedstock for chemical industry by 2030. Values at 2030 have been forecasted assuming yearly increases in the amount of feedstock needed by the chemical industry and the amount of oil needed for food of about 2 and 1.5%, respectively. Black bar areas indicate fossil oil, hatched areas indicate plant oils for chemical industry and open bar areas indicate plant oils for food and feed.